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What is Quantum Computing?


Quantum computing is an area of research devoted to the advancement of quantum-theory-based computer technology. Quantum theory describes the nature and behavior of energy and matter at the quantum (atomic and subatomic) level. Quantum computing uses a set of bits to perform specific computational tasks. At a much higher performance than all its classical counterparts. Quantum computers represent a significant advancement in computing capability, with the added bonus of mass performance in specific applications. For example, quantum computing takes precedence over simulations.

Quantum computers derive most of their processing power through the ability of bits to be in multiple states at the same time. They can perform tasks simultaneously using a combination of 1's, 0's, and 1's and 0's. MIT, IBM, Oxford University, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory are among the current quantum computing research centers. In addition, developers have begun accessing quantum computers through cloud services.

Quantum computing began with the search for its essential elements. In 1981, at the Argonne National Labs, Paul Benoff introduced the idea of ​​a computer that works with quantum mechanical principles. The main idea behind quantum computing research is widely credited to David Deutsch of Oxford University. In 1984, he began to consider the potential of constructing a computer-based solely on quantum rules, and a few months later, he released a seminal paper on the subject.



Quantum Theory: The development of quantum theory began in 1900 with a proposal by Max Planck. Planck made his presentation to the German Physical Society, in which he claimed that energy and matter exist in discrete units. Further advances by many scientists over the next thirty years led to the modern understanding of quantum theory.


Essential Elements of Quantum Theory:  Energy, like matter, consists of discrete units. Against a constant wave. Elemental particles of energy and matter, depending on the situation, can behave like particles or waves. The movement of elementary particles is naturally random, and thus, unpredictable.

It's difficult to measure two complementary variables at the same time, such as a particle's position and velocity. The more accurately one value is measured, the faultier the other value will be.


Further Development of Quantum Theory:    Niels Bohr proposed a Copenhagen interpretation of the quantum theory. This theory emphasizes that whatever is a particle is what is measured, but it cannot be assumed that it has specific properties, or does not exist until it is measured. Not to be It has to do with a principle called superposition. Superposition claims occur when we do not know the condition of a given object, in fact, it occurs simultaneously in all possible situations - unless we examine it.

To illustrate this point, we can use Schrodinger's famous cat analogy. First of all, we have a live cat and put it in the lead box. At this point, the question of the cat's survival does not arise. Then pour into a vial of cyanide and seal the box. We don't know if the cat is alive or if the cyanide capsule broke and died. Because we don't know, the cat is both alive and dead, according to quantum law - in a higher position of the states. It only happens when we break the box and see in what condition the cat is that the superposition is lost, and the cat will be either alive or dead. The theory that somehow a particle can exist in multiple states opens up deep implications for computing.

Comparison of Classical and Quantum Computing:      Classical computing relies on the principles described by Boolean algebra. Usually working with 3 or 7 mode logic gate principle. Data must be processed in a special binary condition at any time; Either 0 (off / wrong) or 1 (on / true). These values ​​are binary digits or bits. The millions of transistors and capacitors in the heart of computers can be in one state at any one time. In addition, there is a limit to how quickly these devices can be made to change states. As we move towards smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the physical limits of matter and the application of the classical laws of physics. Quantum computers use two types of logic gates: XOR and QO1 (ability to convert 0 to 0 and 1 to superposition). Many primary particles, such as electrons or photons, can be employed in quantum computers. Each particle is given a charge, or polarization, which represents 0 and/or 1. The nature and behavior of these particles underpin quantum computing and quantum supremacy. The principles of superposition and engagement are the two most important components of quantum physics.

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Superposition:      Imagine an electron in a magnetic field as a qubit. The spin of an electron can be either aligned with the field, known as the spin-up state or the opposite of the field, known as the spin-down state. The conversion of the spin of an electron from one state to another is achieved using a pulse of energy, such as a laser. The particle enters a superior position of the states if only half a unit of laser energy is applied and the particle is isolated from any external effects. Behaving as if in both cases at the same time. Each qubit used can take a superposition of both 0 and 1. Meaning, the number of calculations of a quantum computer is 2 ^ n, where n is the number of qubits used. A quantum computer of 500 qubits will have the capacity to calculate 2,500 in one step. For reference, there are 2,500 infinitely more atoms in the known universe. All these particles interact with each other through quantum confusion. Compared to classical, quantum computing is considered as real parallel processing. Classic computers still do only one thing at a time. In classical computing, there are only two or more processors for forming parallel processing.

Entangled particles (such as cobwebs) that interact at any given time retain a kind of entanglement in pairs, in a process known as correlation. Knowing the state of rotation of one entangled particle - up or down - gives the opposite direction to the rotation of the other. Also, due to superposition, there is no single rotational direction of the measured particle before it is measured. The observed particle's spin state is determined at the time of measurement and is linked to the matching particle, which spins in the opposite direction at the same time. The reason behind this has not been started yet. Quantum angles allow cubes that are separated by large distances to interact with each other instantly (not limited to the speed of light). No matter what the distance between the interconnected particles, they will remain entangled as long as they remain isolated.

 

Taken together, Quantum Superposition and Confusion produce a much better computing power. While a 2-bit register in a normal computer can store only one of the four binary configurations (00, 01, 10, or 11) at any one time, a 2-bit register in a quantum computer can store all four numbers simultaneously. Is. Because each qubit represents two values, this is the case. If more qubits are added, the increasing capacity spreads faster.


Quantum Programming:     Quantum computing provides the ability to rewrite programs in a whole new way. For example, a quantum computer might have a programming sequence that says, "Take all superposition’s of all previous calculations." This will allow many mathematical problems, such as massive factorization, in a short period of time to be resolved. The first quantum computing program was published in 1994 by Peter Shore, who developed a quantum algorithm that could effectively factorize large numbers.

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Problems and Some Solutions:  The benefits of quantum computing are promising, but there are still major obstacles to overcome. 

Here are some problems with quantum computing:

Interference:       A minor disturbance in a quantum system can lead to the termination of quantum computation, a process called decoherence. During the calculation phase, quantum computers must be entirely insulated from all extraneous disturbance. There has been some success with the use of cubes in intense magnetic fields, using ions.



Error Correction: Qubits are not digital bits of data, they cannot be corrected with traditional error correction methods. Error correction is very important in quantum computing, where even a single error in calculation can eliminate the accuracy of the whole computing. However, there has been significant improvement in this area. An algorithm with error correction has been developed which uses 9 qubits - 1 computational and 8 correctives. Most recently, IBM made a breakthrough with a total of 5 qubits (1 computational and 4 correctives).


Output Observation:   After Quantum Calculations, Recovering Output Data There is a 100% chance that the data will be corrupted. Since then, innovations have been developed, such as a database search technique that uses quantum computers' unique "wave" structure of the potential curve. This ensures that once all the calculations are completed, the measurement process will see the quantum state decoupling in the correct answer.



There are many issues to overcome, such as security and how to handle quantum cryptography. Quantum data storage has long been a problem. However, some versions of quantum computing have worked in the last 15 years and in the recent past. There is still much debate over whether this is less than a decade away or a hundred years in the future. However, the potential that this technology offers is gaining tremendous interest from both the government and the private sector. The capacity to break encryption keys through brute force searches is one of the military's applications, while civilian applications range from DNA modeling to complicated material science analyses.


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